Two-year-olds' mapping of emotion words to facial expressions in a looking-while-listening task

At what age do children acquire emotion words? Research shows gradual acquisition from ages 3 to 5, with mixed findings for age 2. However, most studies have used tasks that may be too demanding for children. This study used a looking-while-listening paradigm to test 18- to 36- month-olds (N = 96; 54% girls, 61% White). Eighteen- to 24-month-olds did not preferentially look at the target face in either cross-valence (e.g., happy-angry) or within-valence (e.g., happy- angry) conditions. Two-year-olds succeeded, with ability in cross-valence conditions emerging in younger 2-year-olds and ability in within-valence conditions in older 2-year-olds. These findings suggest that emotion word comprehension emerges as early as age two.