Calibration Techniques and Volume Flow Analysis in Energy Systems

This report deals with a series of experiments on energy technology conducted at the Lappeenranta Laboratory and the calculations and summaries made after the experiments. The focus of these experiments was on the calibration of temperature sensors (type K thermocouples) and pressure transducers and the use of tools such as orifice plates to accurately measure volumetric flow rates of instruments such as centrifugal fans and Pitot tubes. Methods such as least squares were also used to check the accuracy of calculations and instruments after the experiments. These experiments provide valuable hands-on experience in calibrating basic instruments and measuring volumetric flow rates in energy systems. By directly observing the behaviour of fluids and gases, this paper highlights the importance of calibration and standard experimental methods. In addition, these experiments contribute to a deeper understanding of the importance of measurement uncertainty and error, which is essential for improving the accuracy and reliability of future studies. Whilst these experiments are a fundamental aspect of measurement in energy technology, they demonstrate a wider engineering education and emphasise the need to apply theory to practical scenarios. In addition, while recognising the limitations of using non-state-of-the-art calibration techniques, future research directions are identified, including the development of high-precision calibration techniques as well as the exploration of new sensor materials and technologies for improving measurement accuracy.