Turbulence Modeling in Navier-Stokes Equations: Challenges and Approaches

This paper reviews the literature of turbulence modeling in the Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes equations (RANS), which is the most widely used technique for simulating turbulent flows.The aim is to provide the reader with the fundamental ideas of turbulence modeling.The research is divided into a few sections.In the introductory section, fundamental knowledge of turbulence and the governing equations will be provided in depth to aid understanding of the later parts of the essay.Following that, the second section elucidates the closure problem in turbulence modeling and gives an idea of why it is such a big issue.The subsequent sections will discuss the various types of RANS models.On the contrary, most engineering problems, direct numerical simulation (DNS) and large eddy simulation (LES) are not suitable to solve turbulent flows due to the high computational cost.