Introduction Despite therapeutic benefits of immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) in many tumor types, single-agent IC blockade has a low objective response rate. Combined treatment strategies are needed, so we aimed to closely characterize the immune microenvironment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). HNSCC- linked inhibitory receptors CTLA-4, TIM-3, TIGIT, PD-1 mediate immunosuppression. CD14 is expressed as a surface protein by monocytes and macrophages.
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Affolter et al. (2024) studied this question.
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