Water Quality Parameters of Major Rivers of Uttar Pradesh in Winter Season

Water is the elixir of life as there is no life without water and the rivers are the life line of our economy and culture.The river water pollution in India and abroad is a gigantic problem as it has affected not only human and animal health but also the economy of the society as a whole.This work reviews the different physico-chemical parameters and finds that the river water and other water bodies in India and abroad are highly polluted physically, chemically and bacteriologically with different hazardous pollutants including both chemical and microbial, coming from various sources such as industries, mines, agriculture, urban and domestic.A total of 113 samples in Uttar Pradesh from various rivers and water bodies were analyzed for Dissolved oxygen (DO), Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), Total Chloriform (TC) and Fecal Choliform(FC) in winter season (November, December ,January) of 2023.Water samples of river Ganga, Yamuna, Gomti, Hindon, Ghagra, Rapti, Betwa,Kali ,Ramganga ,Rihand dam, Badhganga, Govindsagar lake ,Ramgarh lake ,Samaspur lake, Mahiltalaab, Lakshmi talaab water bodies at Ramsar site were analysed.In our study DO level vary from(0.6 to 12.6) mg/l in all these water bodies in November and (0.5 to 11.5)mg/l in all the water bodies in December .BOD level for all the water bodies varyfrom (1.3 to 58) mg/l in November and (1.1 to 56) mg/l in December .Mean value of DO was 6.94mg/l and BOD was 8.69mg/l.The mean value of DO and BOD level was above the WHO permissible limit for the protection of fisheries and aquatic life and for domestic water supply.The total Coliform varied from (460/100ml to 41, 00,000/100ml) in November and (540/100ml to 580,0000/100ml) in December.Fecal Coliform ranged (240/100ml to 340, 0000/100ml) in November and (240/100ml to 400, N. Yaduvanshi, Divya Ghildiyal et al. 0000/100ml) for all the water bodies in December.Mean value of Total Coliform is 101, 7884/100ml and Fecal Coliform is 64104/100ml, which is above permissible limits.The Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Dissolved oxygen (DO) values indicate serious concerns about aquatic ecosystems and human health risks.Several types of heavy metals, some of which are hazardous, are transported into the river body in several ways.Growing industrial development, urbanization, e-waste disposal, effluent discharge, and sewage deteriorate the water quality.This review presents the pollution status of the river higher in the downstream region of the river system due to the tendency of pollutants to accumulate in the lower part of the river.However, it is now essential to take adequate measures to recover water quality in the rivers.