E-learning in higher education significantly expanded over the last ten years, as its undeniable advantages were observed in critical moments such as natural disasters (including the COVID-19 pandemic) and peace-time circumstances. The E-learning online exams is highly significant to the students because it is conducted within a short period of time and without any errors of cheating, unfairness, or carelessness. On the other hand, online test can be conducted over E- learning platform without being physically present at the examination centre at the same time. This raises several questions: for example does it pose the problem of integrity and security while taking online tests? Many of the researchers who were trying to handle such problems suggested their own approaches and instruments. Nevertheless, while there are some published literature works that bring together and compare recent advancements, especially in the field of online evaluation, these are seldom to be found. This paper applies an SLR on online exams and selects and analyses 53 papers from the last five years (period from January 2016 to July 2020). Further to that, five major online tests functions are evaluated in the pinpointed studies. In addition, the underlying implementation of development methods for online exams solution is innovatory. Besides that, 16 techniques / algorithms, and 11 datasets are also demonstrated. The other one is 21 online examination tools that are listed in the selected studies. Also, they are included
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Akotkar et al. (2024) studied this question.
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