The Role of Memory Enhancing Techniques in Learning--Examining the Effects of Item-level Brain Training Techniques on Learning

Brain training techniques are commonly used to enhance an individuals learning and memory, especially in classroom teaching and self-directed learning contexts. Among a range of techniques, the item-level methods that focus on boosting memory for a specific item are the most well-known and widely applied ones. In this work, the mechanisms underlying two item-level brain training techniques, spaced repetition and retrieval practice, are investigated. Studies have proved that learners who are trained according to a spaced repetition schedule are prone to show better acquisition of language and science concepts compared to those who learn under mass conditions. Yet, the method currently relies on somehow primitive algorithms. Therefore, the optimal time interval for the second exposure to a learnt content could vary primarily among individuals. Reviewing pieces of information through retrieval practice, based on the testing effect, also leads to better performance in final assessments in most cases. Frequent testing with relatively few questions each time seems to produce the best results. However, most of the research on these two techniques up to now is in semantic learning scenarios such as language acquisition, so the evidence for determining the effectiveness of either method on other types of learning is somehow few.