Towards unveiling the Cosmic Reionization: the ionizing photon production efficiency (ξᵢₒₙ) of Low-mass Hα emitters at $z ~ 2.3$

We investigate the galaxy properties of ~400 low-mass (<10⁹\,M_) Hα emitters (HAEs) at z ~ 2.3 in the ZFOURGE survey. The selection of these HAEs is based on the excess in the observed Kₛ broad-band flux compared to the stellar continuum estimated from the best-fit SED. These low-mass HAEs have elevated SFR(Hα) above the star formation main sequence (SFMS), making them potential analogs of the galaxies that reionized the universe during the epoch of reionization. The ionizing photon production efficiencies (ξᵢₒₙ) of the low-mass HAEs have a median value of log(ξᵢₒₙ/erg⁻¹ Hz)=25.24+0.10-0.13\ (25.35+0.12-0.15), assuming the Calzetti (SMC) curve for the stellar continuum dust correction. This value is higher than that of main sequence galaxies by ~0.2 dex at similar redshift, indicating that the low-mass HAEs are more efficient in producing ionizing photons. Our results also consolidate the trend of increasing ξᵢₒₙ with redshift, but reveal a "downsizing" relationship between ξᵢₒₙ and stellar mass (M_) with increasing redshift. We further explore the dependence of ξᵢₒₙ on other galaxy properties, such as the UV spectral slope (βUV), the UV magnitude (MUV), the equivalent widths ($EWs$) of Hα and [O{ iii}] emission lines. Galaxies with the bluer UV slopes, fainter UV luminosities and higher equivalent widths exhibit elevated ξᵢₒₙ by a factor of ~2 compared to the median ξᵢₒₙ of our sample. JWST data will provide an opportunity to extend our method and further investigate the properties of low-mass galaxies at high redshifts.