A Critical Analysis of Calcium and Vitamin D3 in Young Pregnant Women and Their Association With Maternal and Fetal Outcome

Background: These interventions are available to policy makers interested in improving calcium and Vitamin D3 intake. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to find out the frequency of calcium and vitamin D in young pregnant women and their effects and association on fetus as well as mothers. Study Design: Interventional study design. Place and Duration of Study: Gynecology ward and outpatient department of PMC Hospital Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan from 1st January 2023 to 31st December 2023. Methodology: Two hundred participants were enrolled with proper evidence of pregnancy and divided in two equal groups "study group" and "comparison group". All participants from age 18 years to age 26 years with no any malabsorption syndrome or chronic disease were included and those women who have some other diseases or age outliers were excluded. Nonprobability Convenience Sampling was used. 09 participants were missing due to no follow up from study group. Data was collected from 91 Study group and 100 comparison group fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Results: The frequency of Hypocalcemia before intervention in study group was 50.55% which was significantly decreased to 17.58% after intervention for 03 months as compared to comparison group having 41% hypocalcemia. The frequency of Vitamin D3 deficiency/ insufficiency was 87.91% before intervention and was reduced to 58.24% after intervention in study group while in comparison group it was 84%. There is a significance difference in the vitamin D and calcium during the period of pregnancy. In the study group the significance association was observed between maternal calcium level and health outcome of the mother (P=0.001) while the vitamin D3 level was (P=0.021). In study group there was significant association between Serum calcium level of the mother and outcome of baby (p= 0.042) while there was no significant association between Serum Vitamin D3 level of mother and baby outcome (p= 0.053). Conclusion: It was statistically found that the Calcium and Vitamin D3 values show significances changes during pregnancy. To help improve calcium and Vitamin D3 intake, there are various interventions that can be executed that include promoting the consumption of foods naturally high in calcium and Vitamin D3. These interventions are available to policy makers interested in improving calcium and Vitamin D3 intake.