Analysis reveals spectral properties of the Perron–Frobenius operator in non-integer base systems, indicating complex unit disk inclusion.
We consider certain non-integer base β -expansions of Parry’s type and we study various properties of the transfer (Perron–Frobenius) operator P Lᵖ([0,1])→ Lᵖ([0,1]) with p≥ 1 and its associated composition (Koopman) operator, which are induced by a discrete dynamical system on the unit interval related to these β -expansions.We show that if f is Lipschitz, then the iterated sequence \{PN f\}N≥ 1 converges exponentially fast (in the L¹ norm) to an invariant state corresponding to the eigenvalue 1 of P . This “attracting” eigenvalue is not isolated: for 1≤ p≤ 2 we show that the point spectrum of P also contains the whole open complex unit disk and we explicitly construct an eigenfunction for every z with |z|<1 .
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Cornean et al. (2025) studied this question.
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