When I refer to speculation, I mean a zone of reflection and discussion where hypotheses can be built up. A speculation zone exists to bridge real gaps in knowledge through imagining and inventing possible explanations for baffling phenomena. One notable scholar who leaned on the idea of mixing fact, confirmed knowledge and speculation was philosopher and mathematician Imre Lakatos. His text Proofs and Refutations is written as a dialogue between fictional students and a teacher as a way to prove and disprove mathematical formulas. Lakatos argues that mathematics is a dynamic process and that proofs and discoveries are not final and immutable.
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Rosa Jurado‐Barba (2024) studied this question.
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