Let 𝐺 be a finite group, <m:math xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <m:mrow> <m:mi>k</m:mi> <m:mo></m:mo> <m:mrow> <m:mo stretchy="false">(</m:mo> <m:mi>G</m:mi> <m:mo stretchy="false">)</m:mo> </m:mrow> </m:mrow> </m:math> k(G) the number of conjugacy classes of 𝐺, and 𝐵 a nilpotent subgroup of 𝐺. In this paper, we prove that <m:math xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <m:mrow> <m:mrow> <m:mo stretchy="false">|</m:mo> <m:mrow> <m:mrow> <m:mrow> <m:mi>B</m:mi> <m:mo></m:mo> <m:msub> <m:mi>O</m:mi> <m:mi>π</m:mi> </m:msub> <m:mo></m:mo> <m:mrow> <m:mo stretchy="false">(</m:mo> <m:mi>G</m:mi> <m:mo stretchy="false">)</m:mo> </m:mrow> </m:mrow> <m:mo>/</m:mo> <m:msub> <m:mi>O</m:mi> <m:mi>π</m:mi> </m:msub> </m:mrow> <m:mo></m:mo> <m:mrow> <m:mo stretchy="false">(</m:mo> <m:mi>G</m:mi> <m:mo stretchy="false">)</m:mo> </m:mrow> </m:mrow> <m:mo stretchy="false">|</m:mo> </m:mrow> <m:mo>≤</m:mo> <m:mrow> <m:mrow> <m:mrow> <m:mo stretchy="false">|</m:mo> <m:mi>G</m:mi> <m:mo stretchy="false">|</m:mo> </m:mrow> <m:mo>/</m:mo> <m:mi>k</m:mi> </m:mrow> <m:mo></m:mo> <m:mrow> <m:mo stretchy="false">(</m:mo> <m:mi>G</m:mi> <m:mo stretchy="false">)</m:mo> </m:mrow> </m:mrow> </m:mrow> </m:math> BOπ(G)/Oπ(G)≤ G/k(G) if 𝐺 is solvable and that <m:math xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <m:mrow> <m:mrow> <m:mfrac> <m:mn>15</m:mn> <m:mn>7</m:mn> </m:mfrac> <m:mo></m:mo> <m:mrow> <m:mo stretchy="false">|</m:mo> <m:mrow> <m:mrow> <m:mrow> <m:mi>B</m:mi> <m:mo></m:mo> <m:msub> <m:mi>O</m:mi> <m:mi>π</m:mi> </m:msub> <m:mo></m:mo> <m:mrow> <m:mo stretchy="false">(</m:mo> <m:mi>G</m:mi> <m:mo stretchy="false">)</m:mo> </m:mrow> </m:mrow> <m:mo>/</m:mo> <m:msub> <m:mi>O</m:mi> <m:mi>π</m:mi> </m:msub> </m:mrow> <m:mo></m:mo> <m:mrow> <m:mo stretchy="false">(</m:mo> <m:mi>G</m:mi> <m:mo stretchy="false">)</m:mo> </m:mrow> </m:mrow> <m:mo stretchy="false">|</m:mo> </m:mrow> </m:mrow> <m:mo>≤</m:mo> <m:mrow> <m:mrow> <m:mrow> <m:mo stretchy="false">|</m:mo> <m:mi>G</m:mi> <m:mo stretchy="false">|</m:mo> </m:mrow> <m:mo>/</m:mo> <m:mi>k</m:mi> </m:mrow> <m:mo></m:mo> <m:mrow> <m:mo stretchy="false">(</m:mo> <m:mi>G</m:mi> <m:mo stretchy="false">)</m:mo> </m:mrow> </m:mrow> </m:mrow> </m:math> 15/7 BOπ(G)/Oπ(G)≤ G/k(G) if 𝐺 is nonsolvable, where <m:math xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <m:mrow> <m:mi>π</m:mi> <m:mo>=</m:mo> <m:mrow> <m:mi>π</m:mi> <m:mo></m:mo> <m:mrow> <m:mo stretchy="false">(</m:mo> <m:mi>B</m:mi> <m:mo stretchy="false">)</m:mo> </m:mrow> </m:mrow> </m:mrow> </m:math> π=π(B) is the set of prime divisors of <m:math xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <m:mrow> <m:mo stretchy="false">|</m:mo> <m:mi>B</m:mi> <m:mo stretchy="false">|</m:mo> </m:mrow> </m:math> B . Both bounds are best possible.
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Pan et al. (2024) studied this question.
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