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Abstract This paper delves into the multifarious relationship between the Sundarban Mangrove Forest and the adjacent villages, extending beyond mere livelihood earnings, to reveal the intricate dynamics of cultural/traditional practices with environmental challenges and modern adaptations in the selected villages of the Sundarbans region of West Bengal, India. Through three occupational case studies, it elucidates how local communities perceive and engage with mangrove ecosystems, illustrating both direct and indirect dependencies on these vital resources. The study reveals a profound symbiosis between humans and mangroves, extending beyond economic transactions to encompass socio-cultural, political, and ecological dimensions. Employing a thematic framework, it examines how traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) informs local decision-making and adaptation strategies in the face of climate change. Methodologically, the study employs a 'multiple methods' approach, integrating oral narratives, household surveys, and participatory learning methods to capture diverse perspectives and insights. The findings underscore the intrinsic link between livelihoods and community governance, highlighting the politicization of resource access and management. Despite challenges, the paper demonstrates the resilience of traditional practices and the adaptive capacity of local communities. However, it also warns against the pitfalls of unsustainable practices and the need for equitable access to resources. Ultimately, this study contributes to a nuanced understanding of human-mangrove interactions and calls for a holistic approach to conservation that integrates traditional wisdom with contemporary scientific knowledge.
Biswas et al. (Thu,) studied this question.