Legal Protection of the Rights Children Born Out of Wedlock: A Comparative Study in Indonesia and Malaysia

Children born out of wedlock have the same human rights as those born within a legitimate marriage. This research aims to discuss how the law can play a crucial role in providing strong protection for the rights of children born out of wedlock, comparing legal regulations in family law between Indonesia and Malaysia. The research utilizes normative method of comparative legal analysis to examine regulations related to the legal status of children born out of wedlock within the legal systems of Indonesia and Malaysia. The results of this research indicate that in Indonesia, the protection of children born out of wedlock in terms of their rights can be fulfilled by both parents, and a child born out of wedlock can be acknowledged by the father as long as it can be substantiated through scientific knowledge or concrete legal evidence. Conversely, in Malaysia, the decision regarding the lineage of a child born out of wedlock lies entirely with the mother and her family, following the Shafi’i school of thought, and this has not changed to date. As a consequence, children born out of wedlock in Malaysia may lose their civil rights, including financial rights, custody, inheritance, and other rights from their biological father. Malaysian law also regulates penalties for individuals engaged in relationships outside of marriage to protect their lineage and prevent mixed-race offspring.