Antibiotic residues in pasteurised and Raw Cow’s milk in Dhaka, Bangladesh

This study aimed to investigate antibiotic residues such as oxytetracycline, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin and levofloxacin, in both pasteurised and raw cow's milk. A method using high-performance liquid chromatography with a UV detector (HPLC-UV) was developed and validated following International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines for simultaneous detection and quantification of these residues. The technique demonstrated linearity, with r2 values ranging from 0.999 to 1.00 within the 1.3–15.0 μg ml−1 range for each antibiotic. Thirty cow's milk samples, raw and pasteurised, from Dhaka's local markets were analysed, revealing the presence of enrofloxacin and levofloxacin, while oxytetracycline was absent in all samples. Notably, pasteurised milk samples contained enrofloxacin, levofloxacin and oxytetracycline, with groups P6 and P7 exceeding the Maximum Residue Limit for enrofloxacin, levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin (121 µg l−1). This study emphasises antibiotic residues in milk, with a validated method holding promise for routine analysis in industries requiring simultaneous quantitation of multiple antibiotics.