Long‐term outcomes of endoscopic ultrasound‐guided hepaticogastrostomy in patients with malignant biliary obstruction

Abstract Background Hepaticogastrostomy drainage through endoscopic ultrasound (EUS‐HGS) has emerged in the 2010s as a new technique for biliary decompression in cases of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) failure for malignant biliary obstruction (MBO). Substantial technical and procedural progress in performing EUS‐HGS has been achieved, allowing high technical and clinical success and an acceptable risk of adverse events in studies mainly focusing on short‐term outcomes. However, the long‐term effects of EUS‐HGS and the risk of recurrent biliary obstruction (RBO) have not been fully evaluated. Objectives To evaluate the long‐term effects of EUS‐HGS and the risk of RBO. Methods Data from 211 patients undergoing technically successful EUS‐HGS in three academic centers were retrospectively collected. Clinical success, adverse events, RBO, and reinterventions were evaluated. Results In total, 198 patients underwent technically successful EUS‐HGS for MBO. The median overall survival was 144 days 108, 2011 after the procedure. Mean patient age was 69.39 (12.91) years. The cause of MBO was pancreatic cancer ( n = 98, 49.5%) followed by cholangiocarcinoma ( n = 29, 14.6%). The location of MBO was distal in 27.6% of cases and proximal in 68.4%. Adverse events were observed during the follow‐up in 65 patients (33%). On multivariate analysis, the use of partially covered self‐expandable metal stents (PCSEMS) was associated with a lower risk of RBO (HR = 0.47 0.24–0.95, p = 0.034). Additionally, patients with distal stenoses had a trend toward better stent patency (HR = 0.060—0.77, p = 0.031). RBO developed in 38 cases (19.1%) mainly due tumor ingrowth (36.8%) with a high success rate of endoscopic management. Conclusions While RBO occurred in a notable proportion of patients, the primary cause of mortality was progression of the underlying malignancy rather than stent dysfunction. The efficiency of stents, particularly PCSEMS, and the high success rate of endoscopic management for RBO underscore the effectiveness and reliability of these treatments in managing biliary complications.