Assessment of Exposure to Metals in Wheat-Based Sweets: Human Risk Evaluation

first_page Download PDF settings Order Article Reprints Font Type: Arial Georgia Verdana Font Size: Aa Aa Aa Line Spacing:    Column Width:    Background: Open AccessAbstract Assessment of Exposure to Metals in Wheat-Based Sweets: Human Risk Evaluation † by Mudassar SanaullahMudassar Sanaullah SciProfiles Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar Department of Chemistry, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab 54770, Pakistan † Presented at the 1st International Electronic Conference on Toxics, 20–22 March 2024; Available online: https://sciforum.net/event/IECTO2024. Proceedings 2024, 102(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102030 Published: 3 April 2024 Download keyboard_arrow_down Download PDF Download PDF with Cover Download XML Download Epub Download Supplementary Material Versions Notes Keywords: food safety; metal toxicity; chemometric approach; daily intake; human health risk In recent years, there has been a growing concern about the negative impact of unforeseen contaminants like metals in commonly consumed food items, posing a threat to human well-being. Globally, controlling food contamination has become a significant issue, given the potential risks it poses to human health. The goal of the current research is to determine the levels of essential (EMs: Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, and Zn) and potentially toxic metals (PTMs: Al, Cr, Ni, As, Cd, and Pb) in various brands of conventional wheat-based sweets. One hundred samples were collected and analyzed using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Also, the current study aimed at investigating the distribution, correlation, and multivariate analysis of 13 metals (Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Al, Cr, Ni, As, Cd, and Pb).The obtained metal concentrations were used to calculate the average daily intake (ADI), target hazard quotients (THQ), hazard indices (HI), carcinogenic risk (CR), and cumulative carcinogenic risk (CCR). The results also revealed that almost all sweet samples under evaluation had metal concentrations of Mn, Co, Pb, Cr, and Cd above WHO/FAO permitted levels. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of Ca (7.47 × 10−2) and Cr (2.05 × 10−3) was the highest among essential elements and potentially toxic elements, respectively. The THQ values were below the threshold level, i.e., 1, whereas the HI values of several sweets were found to be above the threshold level, i.e., >1, which can lead to significant health hazards. The CR values for Cu were in the range of 1.13 × 10−4 to 2.63 × 10−4 for several samples, which is at the threshold level.This study highlights the importance of monitoring essential and potentially toxic elements levels, and identifies the potential health risks associated with consuming contaminated wheat-based sweets. FundingThe author extend the appreciation to researchers supporting project number (RSP2023R357) King Saud University, Riyadh Saudi Arabia for funding this research.Institutional Review Board StatementNot applicable.Informed Consent StatementNot applicable.Data Availability StatementRelated data are available at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/molecules28217365/s1.Conflicts of InterestThe author declares no conflicts of interest.Disclaimer/Publisher's Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. © 2024 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Share and Cite MDPI and ACS Style Sanaullah, M. Assessment of Exposure to Metals in Wheat-Based Sweets: Human Risk Evaluation. Proceedings 2024, 102, 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102030 AMA Style Sanaullah M. Assessment of Exposure to Metals in Wheat-Based Sweets: Human Risk Evaluation. Proceedings. 2024; 102(1):30. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102030 Chicago/Turabian Style Sanaullah, Mudassar. 2024. "Assessment of Exposure to Metals in Wheat-Based Sweets: Human Risk Evaluation" Proceedings 102, no. 1: 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2024102030 Article Metrics No No Article Access Statistics Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view.