Therapeutic Peptides in Action: A Comprehensive Review of Delivery Technologies and Biomedical Applications along with Future Perspectives

Peptides are short chains of amino acids they possess unique properties such as their diversity in structure, tunable Hydrophobicity/Hydrophilicity and their inherent Bio compatibility. Peptide-based drug delivery systems (PBDDS) have emerged as versatile systems bridging small molecules and biologics. Over the last decade, innovations in peptide chemistry, self-assembly, conjugation strategies, and targeting strategies have transformed peptides from passive excipients used into active delivery vehicles. This review focuses on peptide drug conjugates (PDCs), cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), self-assembled nanostructures, hybrid nanoparticles and hydrogels. Also gives an insight on transitional challenges including stability and immunogenicity, including Opportunities in AI-guided peptide design, oral/transmucosal delivery.