Removal of Metal Ions from Wastewater Using Co‐integrated Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles

The column performance of silica‐coated, amino‐functionalized, superparamagnetic nanoparticles co‐integrated with Cynodon dactylon and Murraya koenigii plant extracts for the removal of Cu II ions was evaluated. The co‐integrated nanoparticles were used as sorbent materials in fixed‐bed column studies, and the effects of inlet concentration, adsorbent bed depth, and flow rate were analyzed. Breakthrough time was calculated for various Cu II inlet concentrations, depths of the adsorbent bed, and volumetric flow rates. Models such as Thomas, Yoon‐Nelson, and the bed depth model were evaluated to determine the experimental fit. The maximum breakthrough time for Cu II ions of 1200 min was attained for a Cu II inlet concentration of 100 mg L –1 , sorbent bed depth of 3 cm, and volumetric flow rate of 1 mL min –1 .