Genotype likelihoods incorporated in non-linear dimensionality reduction techniques infer fine-scale population genetic structure

Understanding population structure is essential for conservation genetics, as it provides insights into population connectivity and supports the development of targeted strategies to preserve genetic diversity and adaptability. T-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) and uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) have proven effective for revealing population genetic structures in human and model organisms using hard-called genotypes, but their application in wild species using genotype likelihoods from low coverage sequencing (as a cost-saving measure) remains underexplored. Here, we present a Jupyter Notebook-based workflow that facilitates the use of UMAP and t-SNE on genotype likelihood-derived principal components. This workflow is demonstrated using medium to low-coverage whole-genome sequencing data from scimitar-horned oryx, which has been reintroduced into the wild and faces multiple conservation challenges. Detailed guidance on hyperparameter tuning and practical implementation is also provided, enhancing the application of these methods in wildlife genetics to potentially support biodiversity conservation.