Chronic kidney disease (CKD) induces several systemic effects including the accumulation and production of uremic toxins responsible for the activation of various damaging processes. The abundant discharge of urea and other waste substances in the gut favors the selection of an altered gut microbiota in patients with CKD. The prevalence of aerobic bacteria leads to the release and accumulation in the gut and blood of various substances derived from tryptophan and tyrosine metabolism, such as Indoxyl Sulphate (IS) and P-cresyl sulphate (P-cs).
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Simeoni et al. (2024) studied this question.
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