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High-output heart failure (HOHF) is a less known clinical entity characterized by heart failure signs and symptoms and by high cardiac output indexed to body surface area (cardiac index, CI> 3.9 L/min/m2). In our larger ongoing longitudinal cohort study (CZecking HF/CKD), HOHF was the second most frequent heart failure phenotype (reaching 9% of all patients). Higher arteriovenous dialysis fistula (AVF) flow (Qa) is considered as the etiology of HOHF, but other etiologies were determined in the general population.
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Malík et al. (2024) studied this question.
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