The Application of Pineapple Peel Derived-Adsorbent to Decrease FFA in Crude Palm Oil (CPO)

Pineapple waste is an organic material that contains lignocellulose, found in components such as leaves, stems, crowns, and peel.Lignocellulosic compounds are complex and consist of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.Pineapple peel has good nutritional value, comprising 88.95% dry matter, 3.83% ash, 27.09% crude fiber, 8.78% crude protein, and 1.15% crude fat (Ibrahim, 2015).According to Joy (2010), pineapple peel contains calcium (16 mg), energy (52 calories), carbohydrates (13.7 g), fiber (1.4 g), iron (0.2 mg), magnesium (12 mg), protein (0.54 g), phosphorus (11 mg), potassium (150 mg), vitamin A, vitamin B1 (0.08 mg), vitamin B2 (0.03 mg), vitamin B3 (0.49 mg), vitamin B6 (0.11 mg), vitamin C (0.10 mg), and zinc (0.10 mg).Pineapple peel also contains calcium, potassium, fiber, and vitamin C. According to Mejia (2005), pineapple plants are classified under the kingdom Plantae, order Poales, family Bromeliaceae, genus Ananas, and species A. comosus.According to Chaokaur et al. ( 2009), pineapple peel contains 23.39% cellulose, 42.72% hemicellulose, and 4.03% lignin.These components give pineapple peel the potential to act as a natural adsorbent.Activated carbon is carbon that has undergone an activation process, either physically or chemically, which opens the carbon pores and increases its surface area.This activation process depends on factors such as temperature, activator, and activation time.Activated carbon is an amorphous solid with many pores and a large surface area.It is typically produced from carbon-containing materials by heating them to high temperatures.Various raw materials have been used to develop activated carbon, including coconut shells, various types of wood and bamboo, coal, and other materials with high carbon content (Miranti, 2012).The production of activated carbon involves two stages: carbonization and activation.Activated carbon is commonly used in households for water purification, color removal, and odor absorption.In industrial applications, it is used in wastewater treatment processes to reduce heavy metal levels, purify oil, and refine materials, among other uses.