This study explored the class level equivalent to the national literacy definition of public and private education systems in Pakistan. The main objective was to assess whether different class levels of primary education meet the national literacy standards in reading, writing, and arithmetic. A total of 1,000 students made up the sample of this research, including students from public, private, non-formal, and Madaris education systems in both rural and urban areas of District Bahawalpur. A test was initially administered on a small scale to check its validity. After validating the test, it was administered on a larger scale. The data concluded that the achievement of grade five students in reading, writing, and arithmetic skills was much higher in reading skills and slightly higher in writing and arithmetic skills. Based on these results, grade five met the national literacy standards.
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Hussain et al. (2024) studied this question.
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