What works better? 1-year outcomes of an effectiveness trial comparing online, telehealth, and group-based formats of a military parenting program.

The present study, conducted with a population of military families, examined the comparative effectiveness of three program formats of Adaptive Parenting Tools (ADAPT), a parenting program for families of school-aged children in which a National Guard or Reserve (NG/R) parent had returned from deployment to the post-9/11 conflicts. Despite well-documented need, parenting programs for NG/R families are scarce and often inaccessible. We predicted that both facilitator-delivered conditions (i.e., in-person group; individual telehealth) would result in stronger improvements in observed parenting than assignment to the online self-directed condition. We further proposed a noninferiority hypothesis wherein no significant difference would be detected between telehealth and group conditions.