Coordinated Frequency Regulation Strategy for Multiple Demand-side Resources Considering Carbon Emissions

The rapid development of renewable energy (RE) brings challenges to the frequency regulation of the power system. Conventional generators cannot cope with the increasing demand for frequency regulation due to their ramp rate limitation. Moreover, the excessive spinning reserve capacity of generators produces more carbon emissions and thus pollutes the environment. Based on this, this paper proposes a coordinated frequency regulation strategy for multiple demand-side resources considering carbon emissions. First, a three-level framework for multiple demand-side resources participating in frequency regulation is developed. Then an optimal frequency regulation model is established, encompassing the thermostatically controlled load (TCL) model, electric vehicle (EV) model and the basic constraints of the power system. After that, model reformulation method is introduced to transform the original model into a tractable one. Finally, the proposed strategy is tested on a modified IEEE 33-bus test system. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in reducing total costs and carbon emissions.