Multi-Time-Scale Coordinated Frequency Regulation Strategy for ESS-EV-HVAC Clusters in Building Parks Considering State Priority

To address the effective dispatch and coordinated control of ESS, EV, and HVAC resources in building parks participating in grid frequency regulation under the virtual power plant (VPP) architecture, this paper proposes a multi-time scale frequency regulation strategy based on state priority and the Stackelberg game. First, a state-based upward and downward frequency regulation priority model is established to dynamically dispatch ESS, EVs, and HVAC systems according to their operating states. Second, a multi-time-scale frequency regulation Stackelberg game model considering priority incentives is constructed with the goal of economic optimality. A comprehensive utility function integrating the startup threshold and regulation rigidity is designed to achieve a balanced optimization that considers both the operational economy of the VPP and the user comfort of the underlying devices. Finally, considering the frequency regulation response characteristics of the resources, a multi-time-scale dynamic weight optimization and reconstruction method is proposed. Case study results show that the proposed strategy can efficiently dispatch park resources, track automatic generation control (AGC) commands with high precision, and significantly reduce system frequency fluctuations. It ensures the safe operation of the system and user comfort while achieving economic optimality.