Film drop production over a wide range of liquid conditions

A bursting bubble's production of film drops - liquid from the bubble's cap - is experimentally measured as a function of salinity, temperature, surfactant concentration, and viscosity. Existing theories for the film drainage rate and number of film drops are shown to be robustly consistent with the experimental results, but the lifetime of a bubble across various conditions remains poorly described by existing scalings. The reported relationships describing the importance of various physico-chemical variables on ocean spray emissions are of particular significance to the atmospheric and ocean science community as sea spray aerosols impact radiative transfer and cloud seeding.