Carbon-Based Single-Atom Nanocatalysts for Electrochemical Energy Applications

Emerging carbon-based single-atom nanocatalysts (CSA-NCs) play a crucial role in promoting electrochemical reactions. These catalysts are highly attractive due to their exceptional performance, eco-friendliness, structural and chemical robustness, and ability to maximize active metal sites. The effectiveness of CSA-NCs in catalyzing sustainable fuel generation and bioinspired reactions relies on their electronic properties, which are determined by the metal centers, carbon matrices, and coordination characteristics. However, there is a significant gap in the literature regarding a comprehensive and critical review that highlights the successful integration of CSA-NCs into energy conversion and storage technologies. Therefore, it is essential to conduct a systematic comparison and exploration of the catalytic sites and associated mechanisms of CSA-NCs in various electrocatalytic utilizations. This review emphasizes the latest developments in the synthesizing strategies, multiscale characterization, and catalytic performance of CSA-NCs. The objective is to explore the electronic configuration and spatial organization of isolated atoms along with their interactions with the substrate. Furthermore, potential uses of the innovative catalysts in different electrocatalytic processes for renewable energy conversion systems are discussed. As research in this active field continues, it is imperative to emphasize future directions and potential breakthroughs that can further enhance the efficiency and applicability of CSA-NCs.