Tuberculosis: History, Pathophsiology, Antituberculosis Drugs and Herbal Approach of The Treatment

Tuberculosis (TB) is a major health issue in underdeveloped nations, with India having the largest TB burden.The disease is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis and has been a leading cause of death in India.The search for anti-TB agents has received extensive study, and the immune mechanisms and hereditary risk factors for TB-related lung injury are being explored.The history of TB treatment has seen remarkable advancements since the invention of streptomycin in 1947.In 2015, the World Health Organization recorded 9.6 million new cases of tuberculosis (TB) and 1.5 million fatalities related to the disease.Amongst these cases, 5% were expected to be multidrug-resistant TB.The disease has a long history, with evidence of spinal caries and TB in ancient times.The document provides information on the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis.It discusses various diagnostic methods such as microscopy, antigen detection, and tuberculin skin testing.Additionally, it outlines the treatment intentions for tuberculosis and the WHO's standardized DOTS/cease TB program.The document also details the metabolism, route of elimination, and toxicity of anti-tuberculosis drugs like Ethambutol and Ethionamide.Various methods for the extraction and quantitative analysis of artemisinin, a compound with potential medicinal properties has been discussed.These methods include liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, ultrasonic-assisted maceration, Soxhlet extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction.The challenges of quantifying artemisinin due to its low concentration and thermolability are also highlighted.