Lepto-Hadronic Scenarios for TeV Extensions of Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglow Spectra

Recent multi-wavelength observations of gamma-ray burst afterglows observed in the TeV energy range challenge the simplest Synchrotron Self-Compton (SSC) interpretation of this emission, and are consistent with a single power-law component spanning over eight orders of magnitude in energy. To interpret this generic behaviour in the single-zone approximation without adding further free parameters, we perform an exhaustive parameter space study using the public, time-dependent, multi-messenger transport software AM3. This description accounts for the radiation from non-thermal protons and the lepto-hadronic cascade induced by pp- and p{γ}-interactions. We summarise the main scenarios which we have found (SSC, Extended-syn, Proton-syn, pp-cascade, and p{γ}-cascade), and discuss their advantages and limitations. We find that possible high-density environments, as may be typical for surrounding molecular cloud material, offer an alternative explanation for producing flat hard (source) spectra up to and beyond energies of 10 TeV.