Passive Beamforming with Liquid Antennas: Techniques and Implementation

This paper presents the concept of passive beamforming using liquid antennas for wireless applications. The work focuses on the usage of liquid dielectrics. The theory of achieving passive beamforming is explained with two different techniques. One focuses on the liquid fluidic behavior and the other takes advantage of liquids. Both the liquid dielectric antennas are subjected to different physical orientations and still, the radiation pattern is preserved and retained towards a fixed intended direction. This presented concept is supported by experimental verification and the results are presented.