Reliable Online Auditory Cognitive Testing: An observational study (Preprint)

BACKGROUND Web-based experimentation, accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, has enabled large-scale participant recruitment and data collection. Auditory testing on the web has shown promise but faces challenges such as uncontrolled environments and verifying headphone use. Prior studies have successfully replicated auditory experiments but often involved younger participants, limiting the generalizability to older adults with varying hearing abilities. This study explores the feasibility of conducting reliable auditory cognitive testing using a web-based platform, especially among older adults. OBJECTIVE This study aims to determine whether demographic factors such as age and hearing status influence participation in web-based auditory cognitive experiments and to assess the reproducibility of auditory cognitive measures—specifically speech-in-noise perception and auditory memory (AuM)—between in-person and web-based settings. Additionally, this study aims to examine the relationship between musical sophistication, measured by the Goldsmiths Musical Sophistication Index (GMSI), and auditory cognitive measures across different testing environments. METHODS A total of 153 participants aged 50 to 86 years were recruited from local registries and memory clinics; 58 of these returned for web-based, follow-up assessments. An additional 89 participants from the PREVENT cohort were included in the web-based study, forming a combined sample. Participants completed speech-in-noise perception tasks (Digits-in-Noise and Speech-in-Babble), AuM tests for frequency and amplitude modulation rate, and the GMSI questionnaire. In-person testing was conducted in a soundproof room with standardized equipment, while web-based tests required participants to use headphones in a quiet room via a web-based app. The reproducibility of auditory measures was evaluated using Pearson and intraclass correlation coefficients, and statistical analyses assessed relationships between variables across settings. RESULTS Older participants and those with severe hearing loss were underrepresented in the web-based follow-up. The GMSI questionnaire demonstrated the highest reproducibility (r=0.82), while auditory cognitive tasks showed moderate reproducibility (Digits-in-Noise and Speech-in-Babble r=0.55 AuM tests for frequency r=0.75 and amplitude modulation rate r=0.44). There were no significant differences in the correlation between age and auditory measures across in-person and web-based settings (all P.05). The study replicated previously reported associations between AuM and GMSI scores, as well as sentence-in-noise perception, indicating consistency across testing environments. CONCLUSIONS Web-based auditory cognitive testing is feasible and yields results comparable to in-person testing, especially for questionnaire-based measures like the GMSI. While auditory tasks demonstrated moderate reproducibility, the consistent replication of key associations suggests that web-based testing is a viable alternative for auditory cognition research. However, the underrepresentation of older adults and those with severe hearing loss highlights a need to address barriers to web-based participation. Future work should explore methods to enhance inclusivity, such as remote guided testing, and address factors like digital literacy and equipment standards to improve the representativeness and quality of web-based auditory research.