Knowledge Graph Representation of Multi-Source Urban Storm Surge Hazard Information Based on Spatio-Temporal Coding and the Hazard Events Ontology Model

Coastal cities are increasingly vulnerable to urban storm surge hazards and the secondary hazards they cause (e.g., coastal flooding). Accurate representation of the spatio-temporal process of hazard event development is essential for effective emergency response. However, current knowledge graph representations face the challenge of integrating multi-source information with various spatial and temporal scales. To address this challenge, we propose a new information model for storm surge hazard events, involving a two-step process. First, a hazard event ontology is designed to model the components and hierarchical relationships of hazard event information. Second, we utilize multi-scale time segment integer coding and geographical coordinate subdividing grid coding to create a spatio-temporal framework, for modeling spatio-temporal features and spatio-temporal relationships. Using the 2018 typhoon Mangkhut storm surge event in Shenzhen as a case study and the hazard event information model as a schema layer, a storm surge event knowledge graph is constructed, demonstrating the integration and formal representation of heterogeneous hazard event information and enabling the fast retrieval of disasters in a given spatial or temporal range.