Assessment of Complete Blood Count and Liver Enzymes in Chronic Kidney Disease Patient

Chronic renal failure (CRF) poses a significant global health challenge, with chronic kidney disease (CKD) characterised by kidney damage or a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) persistently below 60 ml/min for over three months. This observational study, conducted in Faisalabad from January to July 2023, aimed to evaluate haematological variables and liver enzymes across different stages of CKD. Using non-probability purposive sampling, 144 CKD patient files and 48 healthy control files were collected, excluding specific conditions. CKD staging was determined using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) algorithm, categorizing patients into mild (Group A), moderate (Group B), severe (Group C) CKD, and controls (Group D). Data analysis was performed using SPSS v23. Mean ± SD values were presented for each parameter across the four groups. Haemoglobin levels (Hb g/dl) exhibited a decreasing trend in CKD patients compared to the control group, with values of 13.7 ± 1.50 in controls, 11.7 ± 0.64 in Group 1, 9.7 ± 0.57 in Group 2, and 6.7 ± 1.5 in Group 3. Red blood cell count (RBCs per million/mm3) also decreased progressively in CKD patients compared to controls, with values of 5.48 ± 0.59, 4.62 ± 0.15, 3.57 ± 0.28, and 2.81 ± 0.23 in the respective groups. Conversely, white blood cell counts (WBC thousand/mm3) increased with CKD progression, showing values of 8406 ± 1383 in controls, 10674 ± 1006 in Group 1, 12028 ± 643.5 in Group 2, and 13564 ± 741.29 in Group 3. Similarly, platelet counts (lakh/ul) exhibited a decreasing trend in CKD patients compared to controls, with values of 324708 ± 112970, 235458 ± 63853, 144979 ± 6935.8, and 126333 ± 4768.3, respectively. Analysis of liver enzymes revealed a progressive decrease in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels as CKD advanced. AST levels (U/L) decreased from 29.104 ± 3.130 in controls to 7.5825 ± 1.543 in Group 3, while ALT levels (U/L) decreased from 48.145 ± 4.9679 in controls to 12.270 ± 3.3500 in Group 3. Our findings demonstrate that haemoglobin, red blood cell count, platelet count, and liver enzyme levels (AST and ALT) decrease as CKD progresses while white blood cell count increases. These insights into haematological and hepatic biomarkers underscore the dynamic nature of CKD pathology and may inform clinical management strategies.