Sea ice, snow caps, and freshwater lenses: The hurdles local Arctic aerosols must overcome to become airborne

Aerosol particles and clouds play a critical role in regulating radiation reaching the Arctic, which is warming faster than anywhere else globally. However, the magnitude of their effects is not adequately quantified, especially in the Arctic Ocean over sea ice. Specifically, particles generated from open leads, melt ponds, and the snow-covered sea ice surfaces remain poorly understood, yet could have significant impacts on cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice nucleating particle (INP) concentrations, and thus, central Arctic cloud formation. While marine biological processes have been demonstrated to be potentially key primary aerosol sources in the Arctic summer, exact sources and emission processes of these particles remain highly uncertain.  For this presentation, we provide an overview of aerosol observations from two recent Arctic field campaigns: the 2019–2020 Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) and the 2023 Atmospheric rivers and the onset of Arctic melt (ARTofMELT) expeditions. We highlight preliminary findings focused on aerosols that have the potential to impact cloud phase and lifetime over the Arctic Ocean, specifically those from local sources in the early spring and summer melt periods. The evolution of open water within the pack ice in late spring and the Arctic melt season coincides with an increase in aerosol particle concentration, which may be attributed to biological activity within seawater and sea ice. However, the emission of aerosol particles is contingent on features like open leads and melt ponds, and whether they are covered by snow, freshwater melt layers, or ice lids. This integrative study involves the use of detailed aerosol, meteorological, oceanographic, and sea ice observations from MOSAiC and ARTofMELT. Overall, this work will enable us to assess local aerosol processes associated with cloud formation to better understand the Arctic system through a holistic approach.