DDE-Outcrop3D: A new pathway to the Deep-time Earth

Outcrops are the basics of geosciences. Investigation of geological outcrops is the bedrock of geological research, but the data acquisition based on traditional fieldwork is often limited by the size and accessibility of the outcrops. Especially in a hundreds-meter scale area, geological studies often rely on single-profile analysis, which makes it challenging to reveal the overall characteristics of systems with spatial heterogeneity (e.g., carbonate deposition, reef complex). For geological education, field excursions are necessary for the students, but the accessibility of the outcrops is seriously impacting the global equality of geological education because of regional conflicts or poverty. Geological heritage outcrops, important outcrops such as GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point), or outcrops with both scientific and commercial value need to be documented to prevent future destruction; besides the traditional solutions such as photography or videos, 3D digital outcrops can save more diversified geological information. Utilizing UAVs allows for a cost-effective and highly efficient approach to investigating outcrops. Through close-range photogrammetry employing UAV-captured images, the creation of precise three-dimensional models for outcrops has become feasible, reaching an impressive level of accuracy at the centimeter scale. Under the Deep-time Digital Earth (DDE) framework, the DDE-Outcrop3D platform (outcrop3D.deep-time.org) is an open-access Web platform for real-scene 3D digital outcrops. It is based on the Cesium open-source 3D earth engine, providing functions for multiple data uploading, sharing, information editing, and community outreach. DDE-Outcrop3D platform has 124 digital outcrop models from Asia, Europe, and Africa, all accessible to the public. The latest versions of DDE-Outcrop 3D can provide a new pathway to scientific research and education, and aim to foster broader engagement among researchers, educators, and enthusiasts, providing a valuable resource for immersive exploration and enhanced understanding of geological outcrops. Here, we present the main features of the DDE-Outcrop3D platform and its application scenarios on geological research and education, scientific communication, and preservation of geological heritages.  Acknowledgement: This work is funded by “Deep-time Digital Earth”, an IUGS-recognized Big Science Program.