Clinical decision‐making processes among graduate nurses, specialist nurses and nurse practitioners A collaborative international study

Aim To explore clinical decision‐making by comparing the processes used by three groups of nurses in the emergency departments of three hospitals: in Norway, Finland and Ireland. Background Clinical decision‐making in an emergency department environment is a complex process often occurring in times of crisis. It is an important aspect contributing to the quality of care. However, empirical research is limited regarding the decision‐making process in different nursing roles. Methods In accordance with the consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research, a qualitative and observational study was conducted to explore clinical decision‐making by comparing the processes used by three groups of nurses in the emergency departments of three hospitals: in Norway, Finland and Ireland. Six Registered Nurses, six Nurse Specialists and six Nurse Practitioners were observed. A total of 40 hours of observation was made at each setting according to a structured observation guideline, followed by clarifying questions. The data material was analysed by means of a qualitative manifest and latent content analysis. Results Three themes arose: acting in accordance with routines, previous experience and intuition; considering patient experience; and facilitating new alternatives based on critical thinking. The Registered Nurses mainly used the first approach, the Nurse Specialists used the first and the second approaches, and the Nurse Practitioners used all three approaches. Conclusions The results highlight the differences in decision‐making processes between these groups. Nurse Practitioners were the only group that facilitated and evaluated new alternatives using their clinical autonomy, such as stepping up and making independent and collaborative decision‐making. Implication The results can be used in countries developing advanced practice nursing education and defining their scope of practice to inform stakeholders.