Comparing insulin vs GLP-1 RA, DPP4I, SGLT2I on 5-year incident heart failure for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a real-world evidence study using insurance claims (Preprint)

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common health issue, with heart failure (HF) being a common and lethal long-term complication. Although insulin is widely used for the treatment of T2DM, evidence regarding the efficacy of insulin compared to noninsulin therapies on incident HF risk is missing among randomized controlled trials. Real-world evidence on insulin's effect on long-term HF risk may supplement existing guidelines on the management of T2DM.