Lycopene Induces Cytotoxicity through Apoptosis via Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species in Glioblastoma

Background Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) faces challenges with standard treatments, prompting exploration into alternative approaches. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in cancer development, making antioxidants from natural sources, such as lycopene in tomatoes, promising candidates. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of lycopene in GBM. Material and Methods The PAMPA-BBB assay predicted lycopene penetration. After treating GBM8401 and T98G GBM cells with lycopene, flow cytometry assessed cell cycle and apoptosis, while the CCK-8 assay measured anti-proliferative efficacy. Colony formation assay examined cell growth, and intracellular and mitochondrial ROS levels were quantified. Western blot analyzed protein levels of p-ERK/ERK, p53, and cyclin-related proteins. Results Our results demonstrated lycopene penetration across the blood-brain barrier and its induction of apoptosis, inhibiting proliferation in GBM8401 and T98G GBM cells. Additionally, lycopene promoted p53 upregulation and suppressed cyclins B and cyclin D, leading to cell cycle arrest through ROS-activated ERK pathways. Conclusions In conclusion, our study focused on lycopene's potential in GBM treatment, revealing its ability to induce apoptosis, inhibit proliferation, and regulate the cell cycle through ROS-activated ERK pathways. These findings suggest lycopene as a promising candidate for preventing and treating GBM by targeting ROS-induced cell proliferation, paving the way for future research.