Energy Management System Based on Finite State Machine for Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System on Standalone Photovoltaic

The increasing adoption of renewable energy, particularly solar power, is a current focal point due to its easy installation, cost-effectiveness, and operational flexibility. Batteries, commonly used for energy storage, face challenges of high cost and a short lifespan due to low power density. To address these issues, the integration of batteries and supercapacitors in hybrid storage has gained popularity. This study employs the Finite State Machine (FSM) method, considering the state of charge (SoC) of storage, to efficiently regulate power sharing in a hybrid energy storage system (HESS). The hybrid storage system is connected to standalone solar panels, coupled by a DC bus voltage linked to the load. The control strategy manages PV mode and Load mode to ensure energy balance, avoiding overcharging and over-discharging of both storages. Simulations, and varying irradiation levels, demonstrate that the enhanced energy management system using FSM effectively controls power flow, PV mode, and load. Additionally, the stability of the DC bus voltage is maintained with minimal fluctuation.