Super-Β Transistors in Monolithic Integrated Operational Amplifier Technology

The work considers constructive and technological methods of improving the accuracy of the properties of integrated operational amplifiers on the example of the development and use of bipolar transistors with a high amplification factor (super-β transistors).The material is based on the experience of domestic development of microcircuits OU 140UD6 (similar to MC1456) and 140UD14 (similar to LM108).This technology has become the basis and is widely used in many products of linear silicon integrated circuits (LIS).Op amps are best thought of as general purpose building blocks.With their help, you can create a wide variety of useful schemes.For general-purpose work, designing with op-amps is usually much faster and more economical than the all-discrete approach.Likewise, troubleshooting and packaging restrictions can be reduced.For more demanding applications, such as those requiring very low noise, high output current and/or voltage, or wide bandwidth, manufacturers have created specialized operational amplifiers.The final word in performance today is still dominated by discrete circuit designs, though.In addition, it is very common to see a combination of discrete and integrated devices in a given circuit.Of course, there is no law that says op amps can only be used with other op amps.Often a judicious mix of discrete devices and 946 op amps can produce a circuit that outperforms a circuit made entirely of discrete or op amps alone Note that implementations of operational amplifiers are constantly being improved, so the OP parameters are approaching ideal.However, it is technically impossible or impractical to improve all parameters at the same time due to the considerable cost of the resulting chip.In order to expand the scope of application of OP, the industry produces various types of them, in each of which one or more parameters are close to ideal, while others are at the usual level (or are even slightly worse).This is justified because, depending on the scope of application, high values of one or another parameter are required from the OP, but not all of them at once.