Advancing inhaled therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: integrating clinical, economic and environmental considerations

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has a significant impact on patients and the wider health systems. COPD should be managed holistically, and pharmacological treatment with inhaled bronchodilators (singly, in combination or with inhaled corticosteroids) should be matched to patient need. Choice of inhaler type and specific device should be based on patient need and preference, as well as economic and environmental concerns.