Projections of climate change impacts on ecosystem services and the role of land use adaptation in France

This study examines the complex relationship between climate change and ecosys-tem services (ESs) in France. We explore both the direct effects of climate change and the indirect effects of land-use change on six regulating ESs (e.g., habitat quality, water retention) and two provisioning ESs (e.g., crop production, livestock produc-tion). Results indicate that while climate change may initially have positive impacts on ESs, the induced negative impacts of land-use adaptation often overshadow these benefits. We show the effectiveness of a greenhouse gas (GHG) tax of 200e/tCO2eq on agriculture in offsetting the negative effects of land-use adaptation to climate change on ESs. This highlights the importance of integrating economic instru-ments, such as carbon pricing mechanisms, to promote the sustainable management of ESs in the context of climate change.