Xanthogranulomatous mastitis: a rare entity presenting with breast lump and mimicking fibroadenoma in a young female

Introduction and importance: Xanthogranulomatous mastitis is a rare chronic granulomatous inflammation of breast tissue, characterized by the presence of multinucleated giant cells, lipid-laden foamy macrophages, and cholesterol crystals. The breast is an extremely rare location for xanthogranulomatous inflammation. Case presentation: The authors describe a case of xanthogranulomatous mastitis in a 26-year-old female patient who presented with a 4×5 cm lump in her right breast. After ultrasonography (revealed a well-circumscribed hypoechoic lesion, with increased vascularity), and surgical consultation, an excisional biopsy was done, and sent for histopathologic examination, which showed features suggestive of xanthogranulomatous mastitis. Clinical discussion: Xanthogranulomatous mastitis, clinically as well as radiologically mimics some other conditions of breast like breast cancer, or fibroadenoma. Ultrasonography usually reveals a well-circumscribed hypoechoic lesion, with increased vascularity, and mammography usually shows BIRADs 3 to 5. Diagnosis is usually based on histopathologic findings of multinucleated giant cells, lipid-laden foamy macrophages, and cholesterol crystals. Treatment is usually surgical excision. Conclusion: Though xanthogranulomatous inflammations are rare in the breast, they must be considered a differential diagnosis in patients presenting with various breast symptoms like lump, pain, or features of breast malignancy.