Technologies in 5g Cellular Systems

Starting with the first generation systems known as "Advanced Mobile Phone System", cellular communication systems have always been in development.Nowadays, the latest cellular communication system whose standardization is mature enough and which has been put on market by service providers is the fifth generation (5G) system.The aim of this study is to introduce emerging technologies to be used with 5G.These technologies include millimeter-wave technology, small cell technology, massive MIMO technology, beamforming technology and full duplex technology.To summarize these technologies; millimeter-wave technology ensures that the bandwidth is extended, but due to high frequency level used, the signals travel shorter distances and transmission losses increase in air and solid materials.So small cell technology has been suggested as a solution to this problem.In this technology, transmission range is extended by using base stations located at shorter proximity, but more antennas are needed.As a solution to the need for multiple antennas in question, masssive MIMO technology has developed.With this technology, a base station can send and receive signals (data) from many more users at the same time, but installation of excess antennas causes interference between signals.In this case, beamforming technology is used.Additionally, the so-called full duplex technology attempts to achieve high efficiency and low latency.As a result, all these technologies used in 5G are supporting each other by eliminating the others' shortcomings, and an all-in-one 5G systems are promising technology.