Three-dimensional cephalometric analysis of virtual dentoskeletal model

Three-dimensional (3D) cephalometric analysis refers to measuring and analyzing the skeletal and dental relationships between craniofacial structures based on the identification of anatomical landmarks with the calculation of linear and angular measurements [13], providing comprehensive 3D information regarding position, orientation, shape, and size of different craniofacial structures [46].The 3D cephalometric analysis can be mainly used in oral and maxillofacial surgery and virtual surgical planning of orthognathic surgery due to its essential role in diagnosing the distortions in the craniofacial structure, execute the treatment planning, and assessing the treatment results [3, 711].*Author for correspondence 3D cephalometric analysis is typically performed using a cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan [1214].The CBCT scan provides 3D images of the patient's craniofacial anatomy [9,15], like the hard and soft tissues of the head [3,16].However, CBCT scans are also prone to noise in the dental region [12], where the small size of the teeth and surrounding structures can make it difficult to obtain clear images [13,17].Noise in the dental region can result in reduced image quality and poor reconstruction of the 3D models, which can negatively impact the accuracy of 3D cephalometric analysis, diagnosis, and treatment planning [12,14,15,18].This noise can arise from various sources, including scatter radiation, beam hardening, and patient motion [12].Virtual treatment planning of orthognathic surgery and 3D cephalometric analysis using CBCT scans