The Philomela Myth in Arnold’s “Philomela” and Swinburne’s “Itylus”

The paper explores various themes and meanings in Arnold and Swinburne's poems about the Philomela/Nightingale myth, which have captivated imaginations and evoked emotional responses for centuries. It also delves into their influence on later generations and their modern significance. Arnold's succinct "Philomela" intricately weaves nature, Stoicism, Hellenism, and Hebraism, portraying the loss of Wordsworthian joy in humanity's connection with nature. The poem synthesizes Greek mythology, Stoic philosophy, and a plea to a Christian saint, emphasizing universal human suffering. While Arnold often prioritizes Hellenism as a complement to British culture, "Philomela" highlights the significance of Hebraism. Swinburne's "Itylus," among his most compelling early poems, distinguishes itself through a unique perspective. Addressing themes such as violation, rape, motherhood, child loss, and loneliness, Swinburne adopts the voice of a traumatized woman, departing from traditional male perspectives on the Nightingale. The poem's depth extends to its influence on modern psychological trauma theory, shaping discussions on feminism and anti-feminism. Viewed through this lens, "Itylus" reveals the enduring impact of trauma on survivors' lives, resonating with contemporary perspectives and inspiring subsequent works by female modernists and others responding to/reacting to Swinburne's poetry.