The Nexus Between ICT, Trade Openness, Urbanization, Natural Resources, Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth

This study aimed to identify the determinants of economic growth (Y) in Kazakhstan over the period 1990-2022.In other words, the effects of urbanization (URB), natural resources (NR), trade openness (TO), foreign direct investment (FDI), and ICT variables on Y were to be determined.In the study, ARDL method and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) were employed to determine the short and long-term effects.As a result of the analysis, it was found that URB, TO, FDI, and ICT increased Y in the short and long run.On the other hand, NR did not affect Y.The results of the VECM revealed a bilateral causality between URB, TO, FDI, ICT, and Y in the short and long run.Finally, no causality was found between NR and Y.These findings may help policymakers in realizing Kazakhstan's economic development goals.