Environmental Effect of Magnetite Nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄ NPS) on Germination Rate and Seedling Growth from Bean

The exposure of the seeds to environmental stresses constitutes a limiting factor that controls the success of germination and the creation of new seedlings.Germination rate and seedling growth from bean were examined after imbibition of seeds with deionized water (control), co-precipitation Fe 3 O 4 NPs1 (43 nm), or green synthesis Fe 3 O 4 NPs2 (6 nm).Fe 3 O 4 NPs increased the germination rate.The results showed that Fe 3 O 4 NPs2 had a higher positive effect on seed germination and growth compared to Fe 3 O 4 NPs1.The effects of Fe 3 O 4 NPs1 and Fe 3 O 4 NPs2 on the germination of bean seeds varied depending on NP concentrations and sizes.Fe 3 O 4 NPs2 caused higher metabolic activities (increase in amino acids and soluble sugar contents) and lower solute leakage, which controlled seed viability.Moreover, peroxidase (GPOX; EC 1.11.1.7)and dehydrogenase (EC; 1.1.1.1)activities were induced in response to NPs application, which improved defense mechanisms and reduced oxidative damage.Fe 3 O 4 NPs2 had a greater favorable effect on seed germination and growth than Fe 3 O 4 NPs1.Following nanoparticle dose control for each plant species, we advise using green synthesis NPS in the new agricultural products.